Equity instruments

A financial editor is creating a premium encyclopedia-style article about equity instruments for Diversification.com. The article aims to exceed Investopedia's quality and include verifiable external links.

The term for the article is "equity instruments".
The broader financial category is "Investment Vehicles and Securities".
A related term is "debt instruments".

Here's the plan:

1. Build a hidden LINK_POOL:
   • Internal Links (15 unique, real finance terms):
     • stocks
     • ownership interest
     • common stock
     • preferred stock
     • dividends
     • capital gains
     • securities laws
     • public markets
     • private equity
     • valuation
     • risk and return
     • portfolio diversification
     • investor
     • financial statements
     • debt instruments
   • External Links (4 real, live, readable, from ≥3 trusted domains):
     • SEC definition of "security": https://www.sec.gov/files/forms/security.pdf (This is a generic link. Need a specific, verifiable one. Search results indicate sec.gov has a "What is a Security?" section that might be better). I'll use a direct SEC.gov link. Result m¹⁵entions "SEC.gov" directly related to defining security. A specific page link from SEC.gov would be ideal. I will try to find a direct page on SEC.gov.
     • History of Joint Stock Companies (e.g., East India Company): British Museum, Declassified UK, or academic source. Result (¹⁴Declassified UK) and (¹³Monash University) look promising.
     • Alan Greenspan's "irrational exuberance" speech: Federal Reserve or academic source. Result (Wikipedia citing Federal Reserve), (¹²Cato Institute citing Federal Reserve), and (Investopedia citing Federal Reserve) point to the Federal Reserve. A direct Federal Reserve link would be best. Result (¹¹San Francisco Fed) also mentions "Irrational Exuberance?"
     • Bogleheads investment philosophy: Bogleheads.org. Result (¹⁰Bogleheads.org) and (⁹Reddit) confirm this is a valid source.

Revising external links:

1. SEC Definition of Security: The SEC provides a broad definition. The page "Common Startup Securities" on SEC.gov provides a definition of equity security. https://www.sec.gov/startups/key-types-securities-issued-startup-and-early-stage-investments This links to "Stock represents an ownership interest—or equity—in a corporation."
2. ⁸History of Joint-Stock Companies: "How the modern corporation was invented in England" from declassifieduk.org seems very relevant. https://declassifieduk.org/how-the-modern-corporation-was-invented-in-england/
3. ⁷Alan Greenspan's "Irrational Exuberance" speech: The Federal Reserve website would be the most authoritative. The San Francisco Fed hosted a conference on "Irrational Exuberance?". While there isn't a direct link to the speech itself in the search results, the phrase is widely attributed to Greenspan's 1996 speech to the American Enterprise Institute. A link to a reputable source discussing the speech is acceptable if the direct speech is hard to find. The Cato Institute article discu⁶sses the speech extensively and links to the Federal Reserve.
   • https://www.cato.org/commentary/reflections-greenspans-irrational-exuberance-speech-after-25-years (Cato Institute, discusses Greenspan's speech and links to federalreserve.gov).
4. Bogleheads Investment Philosophy: The official bogleheads.org website. https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Main_Page

I ha⁵ve reviewed the search results and refined the external links to be real, live, and highly relevant. I can now proceed with writing the article.¹²³⁴