What Is Graduate Record Examination (GRE)?
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test widely used as part of the admissions process for graduate programs, including master's, doctoral, and professional degrees, primarily in the United States and Canada. As a form of standardized test within the broader category of academic assessment, the GRE aims to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills developed over a long period of learning, rather than specific subject knowledge. The scores from the GRE are intended to provide graduate school admissions committees with a common measure for comparing applicants from diverse academic backgrounds.
History and Origin
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) was originally established in 1936 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. It was later acquired and is currently administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). Over the decades, the GRE has undergone various revisions to adapt to the evolving needs of higher education. A significant change occurred in August 2011, when the scoring system was revised, and the test transitioned from a continuously adaptive format to one that is adaptive by section. More recently, in September 2023, ETS launched a shorter version of the GRE General Test, reducing the overall test duration to less than two hours by removing certain sections and reducing the number of questions in others.4 This change aimed to make the examination more efficient for test-takers while maintaining its reliability.
Key Takeaways
- The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test required for admission to many graduate and professional programs.
- It assesses verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing skills.
- The GRE General Test is administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and is available globally.
- Scores are valid for five years and are sent directly to designated institutions.
- Recent changes in September 2023 significantly reduced the test length, aiming to improve the test-taker experience.
Interpreting the GRE
Scores on the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) are generally interpreted in comparison to the scores of other test-takers and in the context of an applicant's overall profile. The Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning sections are scored on a scale of 130 to 170, in 1-point increments. The Analytical Writing section is scored on a scale of 0 to 6, in half-point increments. A higher score typically indicates stronger proficiency in the assessed areas relative to other test-takers. Admissions committees often consider GRE scores alongside undergraduate academic performance, letters of recommendation, statements of purpose, and relevant work experience. While a strong score can enhance an application, most programs emphasize a holistic review, meaning no single factor guarantees admission.
Hypothetical Example
Consider an individual named Alex applying to a master's program in data science. Alex prepares for the Graduate Record Examination by focusing on improving their problem-solving speed and accuracy in the Quantitative Reasoning section, as well as refining their essay structure for Analytical Writing. On test day, Alex completes the exam, and a few weeks later, receives their score report.
Alex's scores are:
- Verbal Reasoning: 158
- Quantitative Reasoning: 165
- Analytical Writing: 4.5
The admissions committee for the data science program would review these scores in conjunction with Alex's undergraduate GPA in computer science, their research experience, and their letters of recommendation. For a quantitative-heavy program like data science, a strong Quantitative Reasoning score (like Alex's 165) would be particularly favorable, demonstrating foundational mathematical and analytical skills essential for the curriculum. The Verbal Reasoning and Analytical Writing scores also reflect Alex's ability to comprehend complex information and communicate effectively, important for coursework and future career advancement in the field.
Practical Applications
The GRE serves as a critical component in the admissions landscape for a wide array of graduate programs across various disciplines. Beyond traditional academic master's and Ph.D. programs, the GRE is also accepted for admission to many business school (MBA) programs and, increasingly, for law school (JD) programs, offering flexibility to applicants. The scores provide a standardized, objective measure that complements subjective application materials, aiding universities in their selection processes. Furthermore, insights from the GRE, specifically data collected through the joint CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment and Degrees, contribute to broader understandings of trends in graduate education, including application and enrollment patterns by field of study and demographic group.3 This data is valuable for institutions and policymakers in strategic planning for graduate pipelines.
Limitations and Criticisms
Despite its widespread use, the Graduate Record Examination faces several limitations and criticisms. A primary concern is whether the GRE accurately predicts success in graduate school, with some research suggesting a weak correlation between test scores and academic or professional achievement beyond the initial stages of a program. Critics also argue that the test may introduce bias, potentially disadvantaging certain demographic groups due to socioeconomic factors or access to test preparation resources.2 The time and financial commitment required for registration and preparation can also pose a barrier to entry for some prospective students. While ETS has made efforts to streamline the test, the debate continues regarding the necessity and efficacy of standardized tests like the GRE in a holistic admissions process.
GRE vs. GMAT
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) and the GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) are both standardized tests used for graduate school admissions, but they differ primarily in their intended purpose and target programs. The GRE is a general aptitude test accepted by a broad range of graduate programs across disciplines, including arts and sciences, engineering, education, and increasingly, business and law. It assesses verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing skills.
In contrast, the GMAT is specifically designed for admission to graduate management programs, such as Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees. While it also tests verbal and quantitative skills, its questions are often framed within a business context, and it includes an Integrated Reasoning section that assesses data analysis and problem-solving skills relevant to business scenarios. The GMAT has historically been the standard for business schools, though many now accept or even prefer the GRE due to its broader applicability and the increasing diversity of applicants.
FAQs
What skills does the GRE measure?
The GRE measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills. It is designed to assess abilities developed over time rather than specific subject knowledge.1
How long are GRE scores valid?
GRE scores are reportable for five years following the test date. After this period, they can no longer be officially sent to institutions.
Can I take the GRE more than once?
Yes, you can retake the GRE General Test. There are rules regarding the frequency of retesting; you can take the computer-delivered test once every 21 days, up to five times within any continuous 12-month period.
Do all graduate programs require the GRE?
No, not all graduate programs require the GRE. While it is widely accepted, a growing number of programs have made the GRE optional or have eliminated the requirement entirely, often as part of a move towards more holistic application reviews. Some programs may also have alternative requirements or prefer other tests.
Is financial aid available for the GRE?
Yes, ETS offers a Fee Reduction Program for eligible individuals who demonstrate financial need, which can reduce the cost of taking the GRE. Additionally, some universities or external organizations may offer scholarships or grants that can help cover the cost of the test as part of a larger financial aid package for graduate studies.